The design of medical chips has evolved significantly from its early days. There were two main roles chip designer and fabricator — whose work was guided by material science and biomedical principles. By the early 2000s, the medical chip industry had mastered many foundational techniques. A chip's life would begin on a computer, with a designer spending weeks or months optimizing the architecture for performance (≈95%), reliability, and size. Once designs were ready, they were translated into..